How Rosa Parks Helped Spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott

How Rosa Parks Helped Spark the Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African-American needle worker, wouldn't surrender her seat to a white man while riding on a city transport in Montgomery, Alabama. For doing this, Rosa Parksâ was captured and fined for violating the laws of isolation. Rosa Parks refusal to leave her seat started the Montgomery Bus Boycott and is viewed as the start of the advanced Civil Rights Movement. Isolated Busses Rosa Parks was brought up in Alabama, a state known for its brutal isolation laws. Notwithstanding discrete water fountains, washrooms, and schools for African-Americans and whites, there were isolated standards in regards to seating on city transports. On transports in Montgomery, Alabama (the city where Rosa Parksâ lived), the primary lines of seats were held for whites just; while African-Americans, who paid a similar ten penny passage as the whites, were required to discover situates in the back. On the off chance that all the seats were taken however another white traveler boarded the transport, at that point a line of African-American travelers sitting in the transport would be required to surrender their seats, regardless of whether it implied they would need to stand. Notwithstanding the isolated seating on Montgomery city transports, African Americans were frequently made to pay their transport toll at the front of the transport and afterward get off the transport and reemerge through the secondary passage. It was normal for transport drivers to drive off before the African-American traveler had the option to get back on the transport. Albeit African-Americans in Montgomery lived with isolation day by day, these unjustifiable strategies on city transports were particularly upsetting. Not exclusively did African-Americans need to persevere through this treatment two times per day, consistently, as they went to and from work, they realized that they, and not the whites, made up most of transport travelers. It was the ideal opportunity for a change. Rosa Parks Refuses to Leave Her Bus Seat After Rosa Parks went home at the Montgomery Fair retail establishment on Thursday, December 1, 1955, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue transport at Court Square to return home. At that point, she was pondering a workshop she was arranging and subsequently she was somewhat diverted as she sat down on the transport, which ended up being in the column directly behind the area saved for whites.1 At the following stop, the Empire Theater, a gathering of whites boarded the transport. There were still enough open seats in the lines held for whites for everything except one of the new white travelers. The transport driver, James Blake, definitely known to Rosa Parks for his unpleasantness and inconsiderateness, stated, Let me have those front seats.2 Rosa Parks and the other three African-Americans situated in her line didnt move. So Blake the transport driver stated, Yall better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.3 The man close to Rosa Parks stood up and Parks let him pass by her. The two ladies in the seat opposite her likewise got up. Rosa Parks stayed situated. Albeit just one white traveler required a seat, every one of the four African-American travelers were required to stand up in light of the fact that a white individual living in the isolated South would not sit in a similar column as an African American. In spite of the threatening looks from the transport driver and different travelers, Rosa Parks would not get up. The driver told Parks, Well, Im going to have you captured. Furthermore, Parks reacted, You may do that.4 Why Didnt Rosa Parks Stand Up? At that point, transport drivers were permitted to convey firearms so as to implement the isolation laws. By declining to surrender her seat, Rosa Parks may have been gotten or beaten. Rather, on this specific day, Blake the transport driver just remained outside the transport and trusted that the police will show up. As they trusted that the police will show up, a large number of different travelers got off the transport. A large number of them asked why Parks didnt simply get up like the others had done. Parks was happy to be captured. In any case, it was not on the grounds that she needed to be associated with a claim against the transport organization, regardless of realizing that the NAACP was searching for the correct offended party to do so.5 Rosa Parks was additionally not very old to get up nor excessively drained from a difficult day at work. Rather, Rosa Parks was simply tired of being abused. As she depicts in her collection of memoirs, The main tired I was, was burnt out on giving in.6 Rosa Parks Is Arrested In the wake of sitting tight for a brief period on the transport, two police officers came to capture her. Parks solicited one from them, Why do all of you push us around? To which the cop reacted, I dont know, yet the law is the law and youre under arrest.7 Rosa Parks was taken to City Hall where she was fingerprinted and captured and afterward positioned in a cell with two other ladies. She was discharged soon thereafter on bail and was back at home by around 9:30 or 10 p.m.8 While Rosa Parks was en route to prison, updates on her capture flowed around the city. That night, E.D. Nixon, a companion of Parks just as the leader of the nearby section of the NAACP, inquired as to whether she would be the offended party in a claim against the transport organization. She said yes. Likewise that night, updates on her capture prompted plans for a one-day blacklist of the transports in Montgomery on Monday, December 5, 1955 - a similar day as Parks preliminary. Rosa Parks preliminary kept going close to thirty minutes and she was seen as blameworthy. She was fined $10 and an extra $4 for court costs. The one-day boycottâ of the transports in Montgomery was fruitful to the point that it transformed into a 381-day blacklist, presently called the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott finished when the Supreme Court decided that the transport isolation laws in Alabama were illegal. Notes 1. Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks: My Story (New York: Dial Books, 1992) 113.2. Rosa Parks 115.3. Rosa Parks 115.4. Rosa Parks 116.5. Rosa Parks 116.6. As cited in Rosa Parks 116.7. Rosa Parks 117.8. Rosa Parks 123.

How Media Actually Affects the Culture of the Human Society Today Essay

Presentation The contemporary issue of a general public which has a law based and liberal political setting close by a free market financial framework or any general public which gears towards such portrayals stays to be one that includes what contemporary political masterminds and researchers allude to as the thought of the majority of qualities. Isaiah Berlin, for example, thinks about what he called values pluralism as an inescapable result of the procedures of democratization and advancement. For lucidity, it is nevertheless legitimate to set down at the beginning, what the assignment of this paper is. This paper’s task stays two-overlap; first it tries to explain Thomas Frank’s sees in his exposition entitled, Why Johnny Can’t Dissent from the book, Commodify Your Dissent, and second, it intends to give meaningful reactions to Frank’s perspectives and remark on how media and promoting have caused business culture and counterculture to turn out to be, basically, very much the same; fundamentally responding to the inquiry â€Å"in what sense may they be considered as one and the same?† Relating the Thoughts of Frank with the Theories of Selznick Understanding the business ventures today, it ought to happen to everybody that the said field of concern really takes note of the effect of business upon the way of life of the general public today. Great habits include demonstrating thought for the sentiments of others, agreeing them regard, regarding them as we might want for them to treat us. Many have noted, in any case, that habits themselves have experienced a breakdown. Surely, politeness gets one of the most needed character among individuals which demonstrates that the general public needs so much habits an is as yet inadequate with regards to some as the years cruise by. Absolutely being considerate have been utilized by numerous characters in the human network today to disguise the genuine score behind governmental issues and its association with childishness, thus setting the general public progressively inclined to expectations of fine way which even individuals in power neglect to appear. Youngsters as youthful as five years old are progressively hawkish, ill bred of different children’s property, ailing in regard for grown-ups, and utilizing revolting language. Most educators reviewed feel that guardians are ruining their youngsters and this is the main driver of the expansion in unsocial conduct. At a certain point, one might say that the issue of show of fine habits begins rotting inside the four dividers of the homes where individual characters are created inside an individual. Numerous elements concerning a child’s improvement have been causing social tumult as the offspring of certain age develop to assume control over the general public. As result the characters once set in a youngster to be correct and worthy motivations issues to the general public as they become more seasoned. Valid, as a rule, the homes which should be the demonstrating dirt of a person’s being turns out to be exceptionally unequipped for doing its part in improving a general public for what's to come. Rather, divorces and other family disappointments present in the general public today drives the general concept of the mixed up personality of the ‘wrong’ to get acknowledged in the human community.â The used to be ‘fine atmosphere’ of parks and play areas is currently supplanted with the perspective on gatherings of kids ages nine to thirteen accumulated in posses and not by companions. Indeed, even the children’s perspectives on ‘fun’ have now changed to viciousness and authority. Unquestionably, world reports are for the most part making a lot of understood focuses on demonstrating that the world’s moral conviction and application is now tumbling off from the alleged required application for the social turn of events and harmony to be profoundly executed. As to issues of good need, Philip Selznick has delivered a composed repot on the necessities of having moral gauges back in the human culture today. In the passages to follow, the convictions of the said creator with respect to the said issue will be handled and talked about for nearer assessment. Human science and the Perfect Society  â â â â â â â â â â The current human condition is managing so much issues and issues including human profound quality. The estimations of good, which are clearly missing on the current human culture is a significant evident problem in the current arrangement of things in the human network. Henceforth, it is essential for the current human age to perceive the need of bringing back ethics in the general public to have the option to spare the current age from dying in an ethical premise. As indicated by Selznick, â€Å"Morality is made for people and not people for morality† (Selznick, 12), this implies ethical quality is an arrangement for the human age and not a duty. In such manner, it is significant for all people that everybody perceives the estimation of ethics consistently. In any case, this reality has never been absolutely compelling with the human ages that passed the world history. In numerous purposes of history, the human progress has posted so much savagery and lack of regard forever. This is the specific inverse of what is ethically acknowledged in the general public.  â â â â â â â â â â as such, it is surely a factor of thought that ethics are likewise influenced purchase the various associations that people structure in the general public. Undoubtedly, it is valid, that by the presence of a compelling situation, ethics get so bent and are in this way stirred up with indecent convictions. As Selznick says: â€Å"when it comes to administrations, whatever their dysfunctions, hold open the chance of defeating neighborhood commitments for progressively universalistic claims† (Selznick, 14). In such manner, it could be seen that Selznick emphatically brings up that as an individual creates, the general public goes with the advancement too. In any case, since the individual populace of today’s society appears to create to an all the more contrarily upgraded improvement, the general public also turns out to be all the more adversely established as the years will in general pass. The Elements of a Perfect Community  â â â â â â â â â â According to Selznick, the genuine definition behind a general public that is flawlessly intended for living depends on ethics. He includes his composed work that â€Å"definitions in social hypothesis ought to be frail, comprehensive and moderately uncontroversial†, along these lines, ethics are protected and the set up by people themselves don't block in the ramifications of what is ethically acknowledged in the human network.  â â â â â â â â â â He likewise adds that to have the option to accomplish an impeccably made society, there are seven basic components that ought to be thought of. The seven components are as per the following: Trustworthiness This characterizes the solid establishment of any network dependent on the past of a specific gathering of society. The establishment of ethics, which are as of now acknowledged in the said society, would be the premise of what is ethically right. Be that as it may, since time changes, ethics also either create or here and there decline in its quality through the trial of time. Character A general public is to be sure known through its personality of good contrast against other social gatherings. The manner in which they are tolerating ethics generally varies from how others will in general acknowledge profound quality as a piece of their day by day living. In such manner, the various social orders are viewed as various structure every one on account of their own conveyed personality. Commonality It is significant that everybody acknowledge the ethical principles set up for their own locale. Along these lines the social measures of profound quality could be considered exceptionally viable and viable for everybody. This implies everyone inside a general public has shared comprehension and acknowledgment of what is viewed as equitable. Majority The larger part that acknowledges the virtues that are normalized for social reference is significant. The more there are who acknowledges the qualities to be ethically exemplary, the more successful the said standards are for everybody. Independence Everyone will undoubtedly make the right decision; they will undoubtedly do what is as needs be adequate with the set standards of ethics inside the general public they are living in. Nonetheless, it should in any case be perceived that each individual has their own will, their own capacity of choosing. This implies to have the option to make the wisest decision, an individual should likewise counsel his own considerations and convictions with respect to what ought to be viewed as good, basing from their own individual establishment of realizing what is good and bad. Interest As prior stated, interest of the larger part concerning the acknowledgment of good standards in the whole populace of the general public is a significant factor of making or making an ideal society. Mix Having the option to coordinate with the satisfactory good standards of the general public is in reality a significant piece of making a totally calmly interconnected society. Surely, this implies being socially coordinated inside the network through good standards is a premise of an ideal network. (Source: Selznick, Philip. (1994). The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community (Centennial Books). College of California Press; Reprint version.)  â â â â â â â â â â These variables of a network makes it feasible for the whole populace to figure it out their value in the general public. Having the option to completely get a handle on the significance of being a piece of the advancements in a network to be sure makes a person’s perspective on life and worth of living an increasingly improved factor of his life.  â â â â â â â â â â It is apparent that Selznick needs to call attention to the significance of one’s fulfillment with his life and his value to the general public. This moves a person to completely get a handle on the significance of his essence and an amazing value to other people, subsequently making a constructive move to have the option to do as such, causes that individual to turn out to be increasingly upright and emphatically slanted when it comes

The Tech profiled Lydia about resilience @ MIT

The Tech profiled Lydia about resilience @ MIT Four years ago, in October 2012,  Lydia published a blog post titled Meltdown about the difficult time she was having at MIT. It was a beautiful, sad, and beautifully sad post, and it immediately resonated with hundreds, maybe thousands, of people, not only across campus, but among alumni, and even folks who arent affiliated with MIT but who have had a hard time. I know it did for me; I read it as a first-semester graduate student, during my own difficult time, and I could immediately understand her story, even as the details were very different from my own. The purpose of the blogs is, and always has been, to give MIT students a place to tell their true stories, and, by doing so, to give prospective students access to the interior lives of current students; a sense of what it feels like to go to MIT. The blogs are not supposed to be a soapbox from which students propose or advance various changes, reforms, critiques, and so on. Theres The Tech for that. But sometimes, the true stories of MIT students end up creating a change, even if that wasnt what the author intended. I think its fair to say that Lydias blog post transformed the conversation around mental health, resilience, and student support at MIT. Im very grateful that she blogged it. A few weeks ago, The Tech published a profile of Lydia  as part of the launch of an  ongoing Portraits of Resilience series of narrative photojournalism by Professor Daniel Jackson. Its a lovely profile, and a lovely series. I wanted to make sure that more of our prospective audiences saw it, so, with Professor Jacksons permission, Ive reproduced it, unedited, below. It was October 29th, 2012. My research wasn’t going too great and classes were taking up all my time. I was very stressed out and unhappy and I wasn’t exercising or sleeping or eating right or socializing very much. I was very miserable and my boyfriend and I had a big fight and we almost broke up. It was very dramatic. I went over to visit my friend, who goes to Tufts, where they have a lot more trees and people just hang out. In the dorms at MIT, we work adjacent to each other like parallel play when you’re kids. At Tufts, I was amazed because people were just hanging out. Not with their laptops in front of them, not doing a little work in the background. Oftentimes at MIT, when you let yourself hang out, you still have a cloud looming over you of some unfinished task. There’s a lot of guilt associated with just hanging out. They didn’t have any guilt. It was just joyful, blissful, happy hanging out. It was so bizarre to me; it was so lovely. I wrote a blog post titled “Meltdown” saying I’m hoping that this is all worth it because I came here to build myself into something better. But it really did feel like I was being stretched very, very thin. The response was incredible. A lot of people commented and a lot of people emailed me, especially alums, especially people I’d looked up to that I didn’t realize really saw me. Shortly after, I lost my job and my grandfather died. Then it felt like when I wrote “Meltdown,” that I had had everything back then. My parents had me young, so I spent a lot of time with my grandparents. Even after we left Russia, my grandparents on my mom’s side visited us every single summer. My maternal grandfather was diagnosed with cancer before I came to MIT. I did not think for a moment that he would die. The last time I saw him, my mom and I went to Israel where he was in the hospital to spend time with him for a week. It was actually pretty astounding. He’d lost the ability to speak and, for that week, we got our own little miracle. It was as if he was healthy. He spoke, he could walk around â€" it seemed like he was better. It was probably very positive for him that we came to visit. It probably made him feel very loved and cherished and that probably does wonders for fighting cancer. Anyway, I had brought a stack of papers for a job and I was reading these papers instead of fully dedicating myself to spending time with him. That is absolutely one of my biggest regrets. That job led to nothing. It doesn’t matter what I sacrificed. It wasn’t worth it, not even a little. It’s so important not to prioritize career over family. You don’t realize what people are doing in your life, what roles they’re playing, sometimes until they die. And you don’t know what you are holding together in other people’s lives. You might not know that you are the glue holding together so much, because you take yourself for granted, just like we take other people for granted. Before my grandfather died, he had been holding up so much. I had no idea. Anyway, all of that fell apart. I felt like I had lost everything. I think that’s the lowest I’ve been. I don’t think I will ever get over those things. I’m okay with that. I certainly think I’m happier now than I have been in a very long time. I have more free time, and I have a rewarding job doing research that is going to have an impact on people’s lives. There will always be times when things are really bad. The bad things pass, you survive them, and you move on, and you get to experience awesome things down the road. I think the mind is like a forest floor: the more you walk paths, the deeper they get and the easier it is to walk them again. When I wasn’t doing so great, there was a path falling into unhappiness, and the more I walked on it, the deeper that path got. It’s important to learn how to tell yourself, “No, I’m not thinking about that right now. As a matter of fact I’m never thinking about that; we’re done here.” Eventually, if you let it, that darker path will get covered up with leaves; the leaves will disintegrate over the winter and by spring there will be new dirt covering it. The path is still there but it’s shallow and small and you don’t have to fall into walking it. In the meantime if you build more positive paths they will become easier and easier to find. One of the biggest realizations that I had is that happiness isn’t something that happens to you. It’s a choice. There are certain things that I know I need to do to be happy and I make the choice to do those things â€" first because I deserve that, second because I have things that I want to do in my life, and third because my family and the people who love me deserve that. In order to be happy, my boyfriend and I run two or three miles a day. I don’t eat junk food or sugar except on Sundays when we run to Union Square Donuts and we eat like five donuts. Mental health and physical health are so entangled. I just know, if I want to have a good day tomorrow I need to run today, I need to not eat junk food today, and I need to go to bed on time. I just know that those are the preconditions. If your method is mental health it’s got some preconditions. You can’t expect that method to run properly when you’re not satisfying its preconditions. If you are pouring all of your self-worth into preparing for that exam because that is the only thing you’ve been doing, then of course if you do worse than you hoped it’s going to suck. But it sucks a lot less when you have other things in your life that you’re living for. Calling my family and going on walks, that’s actually very nice. When I have a particularly bad day, sometimes my boyfriend will meet me on campus and we’ll just go on a walk. I think it’s important to use something other than career or classes to mark the passage of time. For me, that is pages read and distance travelled on foot and watching my little brother grow up. I’m building myself as a better writer and thinker by reading and by exploring the world around me. I am actively working on my vocabulary, and I keep a little log of new words. Sometimes I go through them and it makes me very happy. In particular, I learned the word ‘scintillating’ and I love that word; it’s mine now. I know that I’m building something, something that is my own and that is just for me. I’m building my vocabulary and I’m building my mind and I’m building myself as a person.

LA Case Study - 950 Words

Have you ever tried to travel in or around Los Angeles? If so you have most likely witnessed the horror of LA traffic. LA has been ranked the worst city for traffic by Inrix, a traffic analysis firm. In 2015 drivers in Los Angeles drivers spent an estimated 623 million hours sitting in traffic. This has cost the average driver over $1,400 a year. The problem has gotten worse over the past few years as consumers move to e-commerce and the popularity of next-day and same-day shipping. Now many delivery services have moved from a model of delivering whole truckloads of products at a handful of businesses to delivering the same amount of goods, a package at a time, to hundreds of households. According to a study done by Texas AM University†¦show more content†¦The advantages are that it wont split communities like large freeways do, it reduces the emissions with the electric skates, and there is virtually no limit to how many tunnels can be made. The idea of preserving public sp ace and not designing cities around the car is completely different to how Robert Moses thought a city should be structured, and built massive highways that tore through city centers and believed that cities should bow down to the automobile. The Boring Company website states â€Å"To alleviate traffic, transportation corridors, like the buildings that feed into them, must expand into three dimensions† (FAQ). This reminds us that like everything else roadways need to evolve according to our needs. When our cities could not expand sideways anymore they started to expand upwards. Roadways have been largely the same since they were first created, a wide way leading from one place to another. The only changes that the roads have experienced since their inception is the improvement in top coats to make them more durable, but the basic idea of large expanses of roadways has stayed the same. This solution offers a safer and faster alternative and serves as a much needed evolution to the basic road. The introduction of tunnels as a major conductor of vehicle traffic will reduce the amount of vehicles on the current roadways exponentially and allow for faster transportation around the country. This introduces theShow MoreRelatedLa Napoli Case Study2805 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction La Napoli, a restaurant that the entire Tom Brown’s Board expected it to provide them with unprecedented success turned out to be a major disappointment. It is the expertise coupled with what appeared to be an extensive marker research of its proposer and founder that instilled unshakable confidence in the prospect of this restaurant. In addition, the board saw this as an opportunity diversify their products to include premium services targeting high end consumers. 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Finding Your Place in High School - 828 Words

â€Å"Why fit in when you can stand out?† You have been told this your whole life. But whose responsibility is it to find out where you fit in, yours? Or your peers? Your adolescent years are all about trying to not stand out, and trying just as hard to fit in with the â€Å"in crowd.† You use more energy trying to â€Å"fit in,† instead of just spending all your energy on being who you really are. A group of friends are suppose to have things in common, but that is hard when everyone is putting up a fake persona. It is the student body’s responsibility to make sure that everyone has a place they can fit in and be themselves. People spend their whole lives trying to â€Å"fit in,† while the people who â€Å"stand out† are the ones who become something. Think†¦show more content†¦They are to busy trying to be someone they are not. During his poetry reading Shane Koyczan argues, â€Å"We are expected to define ourselves and if we did not do it others would do it for us,† (Shane Koyczan). If you waste all this energy trying to fit in with the â€Å"in crowd,† then where is the energy used to find yourself? In high school, if you let kids define who you are then you are their robot. You are no longer yourself, you are a programmed version of what they want you to be. In Kindergarten, you become friends with people who have the same kind of markers as you, or the kid that has your favorite power ranger on their shirt. You actually have things in common, you do not become friends with them just because you think they are â€Å"popular.† As the years go on this theory starts to diminish. Unlike Kindergarten you start to differentiate between the kids who are â€Å"popular† and the kids who want to be â€Å"popular.† Most of the time the kids who are popular actually do not have that much in common with each other. They put on these fake personas to make it look like they are all perf ect and have so much in common. When in reality they are all strangers to each other. 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Proj Free Essays

The cost totaled seven lives and millions of dollars. The disaster could have been subverted, however, if o only the several mechanical engineers that had noticed an issue with the rings had stepped f award, despite administrative pressure to continue with the launch, and brought public eaten Zion to the problem. A multitude of other such disarticulated of civic structures, technologies such as cars and trains, and even the batteries of computers and phones, capable of causing harmful explosions, all constitute infringements of people’s basic right to life, and thus presents a leg l and ethical dilemma. We will write a custom essay sample on Proj or any similar topic only for you Order Now All engineers possess two at least two democratically knowledge of standard design processes and requirements, and the capacity to apply their knowledge toward dos the creation of novel technologies and innovations. These two things qualify as intellectual pr property, which is an intangible item that is secured via the powers of reasoning of an individual (AH in 50). While some engineers, such as professional engineers, are credited for their intellectual pr property, it is essential that all engineers credited thusly, even at the cost Of their employer, as it pro totes their autonomy 2 and therefore creativity, lowers cost of procuring professional engineers to SE al and approve projects , and finally, holds engineers to the highest standard of ethical profess Somalis by exposing the promulgators of shoddy engineering to the scrutiny of the world at large. Companies, when hiring engineers to create technologies, often pressure the SE potential hires into signing binding agreements. These contracts force innovators to forfeit al I of their intellectual and creative output to companies. As Keith Warren, a licensed Professional E ginger, states, a technology company could take the rights Of an invention Of a â€Å"baa rubber sauce† if it so suits them (Warren). Some would argue that this provides complete owner ship provides incentive to companies allow employees more creative license. The company can profit from any and all of their employee’ ideas either selling the patent or investing in the † barbeques† productive capabilities it follows that they give more freedom to their novo dative members. Also, as Keith Warren, states, all clients and employers of engineers provide t he engineers with sources to conduct research, so it would seem reasonable that engineers o offer in exchange the profit to be made of of their ideas and technologies (Warren). Engineers been fit in that they are not required to go through an intensive eightieth licensing process to become e professional engineers (who are indeed held personally responsible for any flaw in their w ark, but not for an innovation), as the company will be held responsible for a problem that went unrecognized by an employee. Finally, this discourages individuals from patenting or otherwise CLC aiming ideas that hey lack the capabilities to fabricate it. This, as Koch States, causes an sills_Jew for companies and even other engineers by obligating them to verify the originality of their prod cut periodically throughout the design process using costly search engines, and even prevent Eng some technologies 3 from being commercially available, as they have been patented by small indeed pendent’s that refuse to yield their rights to the idea (327). Coercing creative engineers to remain silent about their ideas can stifle create pity and even hinder the process of innovation. On a individual level, the engineer receives I title to no credit for their contributions (Warren). While, as multiple ethical codes attest, engineers should be first accountable for actions that can impact public willingness as approval of t he commercial readiness of a technology, the recognition of their intellectual property should also apply to their own innovations and inventions (â€Å"Code of Ethics†). Enabling creators to claim t heir ideas incentives the creation of truly original products, for instance, the Apple com putter, the telescope, all created by individuals unattached to large firms. Breakthrough technologies often require extensive resources that sleepyhead individuals are unable to procure, so e engineers currently have two possessively an innovative design, patent it, and by default via pop assessing such legal power, hinder its production and benefit to society by firms with the resource s; or become employed by a firm, attempting to create and fabricate such innovations while e remaining constricted by the firm’s own main objectives and directives (Koch 327). Further remorse, firms often keep breakthrough tech oenology a secret for a while, seeking a release time that will bring the most commercial gain due to market price level and other factors. This halts the pr ogress of technology. If instead engineers retained some creative rights to their products, while firm s with the resources hold reproductive rights, a mutually beneficial partnership is available that en abeles maximum freedom for both parties. Firms are not constrained by a patent to the individual al, and engineers can produce intellectual property at will. The immediate profit of companies is not diminished. Corporate loss will occur only in the advanced autonomy of the engineer rest ensemble for 4 highhanded products, and possible competitive bids from other companies t o take on such a dynamic employee. This loss is overridden by the enhanced ability of corporate e entities to recognize such individuals and seek them for projects, and the government to employ such individuals for public projects that demand acuity in refining structures that c loud affect public welfare. The law mandates that companies must obtain the approval of a Professional Engineer for any of their engineer and design projects in order for the project to become e eligible for rejection. (Warren). This sealing involves a PEP reviewing the designs, calculate ions, and technologies created by unlicensed engineers employed by an industrial .NET TTY. Because the majority of engineers that work for such entities are unlicensed, they are not r jugulate by the National Society of Engineers and state law to be held personally accountable for their evaluations of a work, and have not undergone the rigorous training for licenser (Warren , â€Å"Ethical Codes†). Thus, federal legislation mandates that a PEP check over a technology before it is released. This is a costly practice, and could easily be foregone if all engineers were required to obtain at least basal licenser via a less vigorous process than PEP, but nonetheless remain regular De by a national organization such as NSP. Finally, engineers should be directly credited for their intellectual OUtPUt in AP proving or disapproving civil projects. This prevents shoddy work from engineers employ De by large companies, that today have little to lose, blanketed by anonymity as they are underneath a large firm’s name, for small mistakes such the matter of a small ring deficiency, the t might build to a large and pervasive civil problem (Warren). Many engineers must battle with conflicting interesting allegiance to the public good and their melodramatically whew n bound by 5 agreements that prohibit their divergence in opinion from a company. Some ethical codes acknowledge this conflict, such as that Of the National Society Of Professional Engineers (â€Å"Code of Ethics†). However, ethical codes themselves, while meant to clarify a course o f action to take when such conflicts occur, often themselves conflict (Eligible and Davis 7 This dilemma is solved if companies cannot take direct credit for an engineer’s work, and en gingers intellectual property is in turn attributed to the engineer in question. Companies still poss. sees ownership of the idea of having the sole right to produce it within a fixed number of years, but acknowledge and even provide royalties to the creator of the technology. Litton Engineering, a f roomer workplace of Keith Warren’s, exemplifies this concept by providing ample royalties and eve n the ability to patent intellectual property to their employees (Warren). The Challenger Disc steer occurred after an engineer, appealing to an administrator with qualms concerning the rings, w as told to â€Å"think like a manager, not an engineer (Eligible and Heinz 4). The engineer was a c annotator with NASA, instead of a PEP that would be held to scrutiny by the NAPES and the pull ICC for the oversight. Thus, no careers were necessarily imperiled by the disaster (Ware n). Notable failures of civic architecture such as bridge collapse can have be prevented if engineer’s careers are stake, instead of company’s stock, which can recover more easily. The lack of some r ejaculating agency ND formalized code of ethics in those days could be partially attributed for the see problems (Christie 98). It is thereby essential that some national agency, with a universal code of teeth CSS, regulate all registered and therefore employable engineers. By having a public and private e profile that promotes interest in innovation and accountability, engineers can benefit fro m recognition that they accrue through sound ethical and innovative practice, while being penal zed for malpractice. 6 The conflicting allegiances that engineers often face, to their sponsor, client o r company, and to heir own interior moral compass, will be eliminated, as the company is oblige Ted to maintain an open profile of all works. How to cite Proj, Papers

Coronary Care Unit Lasting For Six Weeks †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Coronary Care Unit Lasting For Six Weeks? Answer: Introduction As a student nurse, during my third year of study, I attended a placement at Sutherland hospital of Sydney, in the coronary care unit lasting for six weeks. It was my first placement in the coronary unit and therefore I had a mixture of reactions ranging from fear, anxiety, and happiness. During this period, I worked under the supervision of my personal mentor, Mr. Ben. More specifically, I was assigned to take care of an elderly man, Mr. Y, aged 83 years, suffering from embolic thrombosis and had undergone angioplasty. Mr. Y is a widower and has seven children to take care of, while he is employed in an unstable job. He lives with his children who are studying in boarding schools and for the past two years, he has been struggling with payment of school fees. On assessment, Mr. Y has a high fever, general body weakness, dizziness, High blood pressure (135/90), and the heart beat is high. As a student nurse, economy instructed to ensure that the patient took his medication correctly, took appropriate meals well and observed top level hygiene. In the initial days of my placement, the medications were given under close supervision from my supervisor. In most cases, a medication chart is provided in the patient's file and this is used for guiding in the doses and the frequency of drug administration (Winsett et al., 2016). In this reflection in action essay, the specific incident highlighted below was chosen because as a student nurse, I was able to determine my individual inadequacies as well as those of the registered nurses and other members of staff at the coronary care unit for the period of placement. Reflection in action One day, as we were taking care of Mr. Y, my mentor was called to assist another patient in the same coronary care unit. He thus asked me to continue giving care to Mr. Y as I waited for the registered nurse to come and see him for the first time that day. After about forty minutes, the registered nurse came from attending to another patient and asked me to feed Mr. Y. At this point, I was so confused and wondered how the feeding pattern and food composition of angioplasty patients should look like. At this time, the patient was complaining of lack of appetite, body weakness, and dizziness. Although I very well knew that the manner of handling such patients was dangerous, I remained silent. I decided to engage the patient to understand what he actually felt to eat so that we could make a special meal request from the hospital kitchen. Being a student nurse, I lacked enough courage and experience to seek guidance from the registered nurse. Moreover, I considered it already too late to raise an issue concerning the assigned task. This incident was so disturbing to me because when dealing with postoperative patients of the likes of Mr. Y, some food types can worsen their already weak immune system, such as those who have undergone angioplasty (Elbadawi et al., 2017). I was so intimidated by this occurrence business I expected that a registered nurse needed to tell me the exact nature of food as well as the frequency of feeding Mr. Y. I decided to engage the patient again by asking the patient to note the exact food that he wanted to eat. Still given this freedom, the patient insisted that he did not want to eat anything. I then asked him whether he would accept that I come up with a feeding or eating pattern which would be more appropriate for his condition, and he accepted. I proposed that the patient takes a certain amount of food, rests by taking a nap for twenty minutes and wakes up to resume eating and so on and so forth for one hour. When these approaches were suggested without success, I the registered nurse old Mr. Y that I would have to consult the registered nurse concerning the feeding pattern of the patients who have undergone angioplasty. The patient gladly accepted my proposal to talk to the registered nurse. At this point, I remained silent as and my mentor engaged in a lengthy discussion with the registered nurse. The registered nurse also said that if possible, Mr. Y would be fed using pipes into the nostrils (Rudd et al., 2013). This reflection in action made me as a student nurse to reflect critically on this situation and get the lessons that I need to learn as a professional. This will enable me to make informed decisions and avoid similar mistakes in future. Since I learned my weaknesses, I have also learned on how to convert them into strengths so that I may grow my confidence and communication in solving problems. Conclusion By taking active participation in the provision of care to Mr. Y in the coronary care unit during my placement, I have been able to learn how to offer care to coronary care patients. Moreover, the proper relationship between registered nurses and student nurses, and offering of selfless care to the patients has been emphasized. This is in terms of providing their views and feelings concerning patient care without any fear or intimidation and letting them express their opinions. Reference List Elbadawi, A., Ha, L.D., Abuzaid, A.S., Crimi, G., Azzouz, M.S., Lu, D.Y., Huang, C.C., Huang, P.H., Chen, J.W., Chen, T.J. and Lin, S.J., 2017. Coronary Artery management. Rudd, S., Demetriou, J.L. and Langley-Hobbs, S.J., 2013. Postoperative nursing care. Feline Soft Tissue and General Surgery E-Book, p.39. Winsett, R.P., Rottet, K., Schmitt, A., Wathen, E., Wilson, D. and Group, M.N.C.C., 2016. Medical surgical nurses describe missed nursing care tasksEvaluating our work environment. Applied Nursing Research, 32, pp.128-133.

Hospital Management System Essay Example

Hospital Management System Essay Hospital Management System Project Report On â€Å"Hospital Management System† Submitted By: 1. Mansi Chitkara. 2. Namita Khandelwal. 3. Avinash Chaporkar. Guided By: Mrs. Kapila Pareek Assistant Professor IIIM, Jaipur. Team Number: 09 International School of Informatics Management Formerly India International Institute of Management 1 Hospital Management System CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Hospital Management System embodies the original work done by Mansi Chitkara, Namita Khandelwal, and Avinash Chaporkar during this project submission as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the System Design Project of Masters of Computer Application IV Semester, of the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. Swati V. Chande Principal (MCA Department) International School of Informatics and Management Mrs. Kapila Pareek Assistant Professor International School of Informatics and Management 2 Hospital Management System ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success. We are grateful to our project guide Mrs. Kapila Pareek for the guidance, inspiration and constructive suggestions that helpful us in the preparation of this project. We also thank our colleagues who have helped in successful completion of the project. Mansi Chitkara Namita Khandelwal Avinash Chaporkar 3 Hospital Management System We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Management System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Management System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1. 1 Purpose 1. 2 Scope 1. 3 Technologies used 1. 4 Overview 2. Overall Description 2. 1 Goals of Proposed System 2. 2 Background 2. 3 Project Requirements 2. 4 User Characteristics 2. 5 Constraints 2. 6 Definition of Problems 2. 7 Alternative Solutions 3. Feasibility Study 3. 1 Technical Feasibility 3. 2 Economical Feasibility 3. 3 Operational Feasibility 3. 4 Schedule Feasibility 4. Data Flow Diagrams 5. Entity Relationship Diagram 6. Data Tables 7. Snapshots 8. Conclusion 9. Bibliography 4 Hospital Management System 1. Introduction 1. 1) Purpose The Software is for the automation of Hospital Management. †¢ It maintains two levels of users:Administrator Level User Level †¢ The Software includes:Maintaining Patient details. Providing Prescription, Precautions and Diet advice. Providing and maintaining all kinds of tests for a patient. Billing and Report generation. 1. 2) Scope It can be used in any Hospital, Clinic, Dispensary or Pathology labs for maintaining patient details and their test results. 1. 3) Technologies to be used This project will be a desktop application to be developed in VB 6. 0 having Ms Access as backend. Database Design (Ms Access) †¢ Form Design (VB 6. 0) †¢ Coding (VB 6. 0) †¢ Testing (VB 6. 0) †¢ Reporting Tool (Data Report) 5 Hospital Management System 1. 4) Overview Project is related to Hospital Management System. The project maintains two levels of users:†¢ Administrator Level-Doctor †¢ User Level-Data Entry Operator Main facilities available in this project are:†¢ Maintaining records of indoor/outdoor patients. †¢ Maintaining patients diagnosis details, advised tests to be done. †¢ Providing different test facilities to a doctor for diagnosis of patients. X-Ray Urine Test Stool Test Sonography Test Gastroscopy Test Colonoscopy Test Blood Test Biochemistry Test †¢ Maintaining patient’s injection entry records. †¢ Maintaining patient’s prescription, medicine and diet advice details. †¢ Providing billing details for indoor/outdoor patients. †¢ Maintaining backup of data as per user requirements (between mentioned dates). †¢ If user forgets his/her password then it can be retrieved by hint question. In this project collection of data is from different pathology labs. Results of tests, prescription, precautions and diet advice will be automatically updated in the database. Related test reports, patient details report, prescription and billing reports can be generated as per user requirements. User or Administrator can search a patient’s record by his/her name or their registration date. Patient’s diet advice can be provided in Hindi. 6 Hospital Management System 2. Overall Description 2. 1) Goals of proposed system 1. Planned approach towards working: The working in the organization will be well planned and organized. The data will be stored properly in data stores, which will help in retrieval of information as well as its storage. 2. Accuracy: The level of accuracy in the proposed system will be higher. All operation would be done correctly and it ensures that whatever information is coming from the center is accurate. 3. Reliability: The reliability of the proposed system will be high due to the above stated reasons. The reason for the increased reliability of the system is that now there would be proper storage of information. 4. No Redundancy: In the proposed system utmost care would be that no information is repeated anywhere, in storage or otherwise. This would assure economic use of storage space and consistency in the data stored. 5. Immediate retrieval of information: The main objective of proposed system is to provide for a quick and efficient retrieval of information. Any type of information would be available whenever the user requires. 6. Immediate storage of information: In manual system there are many problems to store the largest amount of information. 7. Easy to Operate: The system should be easy to operate and should be such that it can be developed within a short period of time and fit in the limited budget of the user. 7 Hospital Management System 2. 2) Background A Hospital is a place where Patients come up for general diseases. Hospitals provide facilities like:Consultation by Doctors on Diseases. Diagnosis for diseases. Providing treatment facility. Facility for admitting Patients (providing beds, nursing, medicines etc. ) Immunization for Patients/Children. Various operational works that are done in a Hospital are:Recording information about the Patients that come. Generating bills. Recording information related to diagnosis given to Patients. Keeping record of the Immunization provided to children/patients. Keeping information about various diseases and medicines available to cure them. These are the various jobs that need to be done in a Hospital by the operational staff and Doctors. All these works are done on papers. The work is done as follows:Information about Patients is done by just writing the Patients name, age and gender. Whenever the Patient comes up his information is stored freshly. Bills are generated by recording price for each facility provided to Patient on a separate sheet and at last they all are summed up. Diagnosis information to patients is generally recorded on the document, which contains Patient information. It is destroyed after some time period to decrease the paper load in the office. Immunization records of children are maintained in pre-formatted sheets, which are kept in a file. Information about various diseases is not kept as any document. Doctors themselves do this job by remembering various medicines. All this work is done manually by the receptionist and other operational staff and lot of papers are needed to be handled and taken care of. Doctors have to remember various medicines available for diagnosis and sometimes miss better alternatives as they can’t remember them at that time. 8 Hospital Management System 2. 3) Project Requirements Hardware Requirements Processor Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV or higher RAM 64 Mb or Higher Software Requirements Operating System Win-98, Win-XP, Linux or any other higher version Database Ms Access Disk Space 130 Mb 2. 4) User Characteristics Every user should be: †¢ Comfortable of working with computer. †¢ He must have knowledge in medical field. †¢ He must also have basic knowledge of English too. 2. 5) Constraints †¢ GUI is only in English. †¢ Login and password is used for identification of user and there is no facility for guest. 9 Hospital Management System 2. 6) Definitions of problems Problems with conventional system 1. Lack of immediate retrievals: -The information is very difficult to retrieve and to find particular information like- E. g. To find out about the patient’s history, the user has to go through various registers. This results in inconvenience and wastage of time. 2. Lack of immediate information storage: The information generated by various transactions takes time and efforts to be stored at right place. 3. Lack of prompt updating: Various changes to information like patient details or immunization details of child are difficult to make as paper work is involved. . Error prone manual calculation: Manual calculations are error prone and take a lot of time this may result in incorrect information. For example calculation of patient’s bill based on various treatments. 5. Preparation of accurate and prompt reports: This becomes a difficult task as information is difficult to collect from various registers. 10 Hospital Management Syste m 2. 7) Alternative Solutions 1. Improved Manual System:One of the alternative solutions is the improvement of the manual system. Anything, which can be done by using automated methods, can be done manually. But the question arises how to perform thing manually in a sound manner. Following are some suggestions, which can be useful in the manual system. A more sophisticate register maintenance for various Patient Information, Doctor diary, Immunization Details and a good system for writing bill amount employees and stock availed for the customers can be maintained at central place. Adequate staff may be maintained so that updations are made at the very moment at the same time. Proper person for proper work should be made responsible so that a better efficiency could be achieved. This needs a lot of work force. 2. Batch System:Another alternative solution can be used of computer based batch system for maintaining the information regarding purchase details, customers and employees. A batch system refers to a system in which data is processed in a periodical basis. The batch system is able to achieve most of the goals and sub goals. But a batch system data is processed in sequential basis. Therefore batch system is not suggested. 3. Online System:This system (HMS) provides online storage/ updations and retrieval facility. This system promises very less or no paper work and also provides help to Doctor and operational staff. In this system everything is stored electronically so very less amount of paper work is required and information can be retrieved very easily without searching here and there into registers. This system is been discussed here. 11 Hospital Management System 3. Feasibility Study Depending on the results of the initial investigation the survey is now expanded to a more detailed feasibility study. â€Å"FEASIBILITY STUDY† is a test of system proposal according to its workability, impact of the organization, ability to meet needs and effective use of the resources. It focuses on these major questions: 1. What are the user’s demonstrable needs and how does a candidate system meet them? 2. What resources are available for given candidate system? 3. What are the likely impacts of the candidate system on the organization? 4. Whether it is worth to solve the problem? During feasibility analysis for this project, following primary areas of interest are to be considered. Investigation and generating ideas about a new system does this. Steps in feasibility analysis Eight steps involved in the feasibility analysis are: Form a project team and appoint a project leader. Prepare system flowcharts. Enumerate potential proposed system. Define and identify characteristics of proposed system. Determine and evaluate performance and cost effective of each proposed system. Weight system performance and cost data. Select the best-proposed system. Prepare and report final project directive to management. 12 Hospital Management System 3. 1) Technical feasibility A study of resource availability that may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system. This evaluation determines whether the technology needed for the proposed system is available or not. †¢ Can the work for the project be done with current equipment existing software technology available personal? Can the system be upgraded if developed? †¢ If new technology is needed then what can be developed? This is concerned with specifying equipment and software that will successfully satisfy the user requirement. The technical needs of the system may include: Front-end and back-end selection An important issue for the development of a project is the selec tion of suitable front-end and back-end. When we decided to develop the project we went through an extensive study to determine the most suitable platform that suits the needs of the organization as well as helps in development of the project. The aspects of our study included the following factors. Front-end selection: 1. It must have a graphical user interface that assists employees that are not from IT background. 2. Scalability and extensibility. 3. Flexibility. 4. Robustness. 5. According to the organization requirement and the culture. 6. Must provide excellent reporting features with good printing support. 7. Platform independent. 8. Easy to debug and maintain. 9. Event driven programming facility. 10. Front end must support some popular back end like Ms Access. According to the above stated features we selected VB6. as the front-end for developing our project. 13 Hospital Management System Back-end Selection: 1. Multiple user support. 2. Efficient data handling. 3. Provide inherent features for security. 4. Efficient data retrieval and maintenance. 5. Stored procedures. 6. Popularity. 7. Operating System compatible. 8. Easy to install. 9. Various drivers must be available. 10. Easy to implant with the Front-end. Ac cording to above stated features we selected Ms-Access as the backend. The technical feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered at this stage. It is essential that the process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an assessment to technical feasibility. It centers on the existing computer system (hardware, software etc. ) and to what extent it can support the proposed system. 3. 2) Economical feasibility Economic justification is generally the â€Å"Bottom Line† consideration for most systems. Economic justification includes a broad range of concerns that includes cost benefit analysis. In this we weight the cost and the benefits associated with the candidate system and if it suits the basic purpose of the organization i. . profit making, the project is making to the analysis and design phase. The financial and the economic questions during the preliminary investigation are verified to estimate the following: †¢ The cost to conduct a full system investigation. 14 Hospital Management System †¢ The cost of hardware and software for the class of application being considered. †¢ The bene fits in the form of reduced cost. †¢ The proposed system will give the minute information, as a result the performance is improved which in turn may be expected to provide increased profits. This feasibility checks whether the system can be developed with the available funds. The Hospital Management System does not require enormous amount of money to be developed. This can be done economically if planned judicially, so it is economically feasible. The cost of project depends upon the number of manhours required. 3. 3) Operational Feasibility It is mainly related to human organizations and political aspects. The points to be considered are: †¢ What changes will be brought with the system? †¢ What organization structures are disturbed? †¢ What new skills will be required? Do the existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of time? The system is operationally feasible as it very easy for the End users to operate it. It only needs basic information about Windows platform. 3. 4) Schedule feasibility Time evaluation is the most important consideration in the development of project. The time schedule required for the developed of this project is very important since more development time effect machine time, cost and cause delay in the development of other systems. A reliable Hospital Management System can be developed in the considerable amount of time. 5 Hospital Management System 4. Data Flow Diagrams DFD: Level 0 16 Hospital Management System DFD: Level 1 17 Hospital Management System DFD: Level 2 18 Hospital Management System DFD: Level 3 19 Hospital Management System 5. Entity Relationship Diagram login password HMS Login password user do do Login have Admin take write do give write Patient Reg. Login Test Back up do Prescription Test give prescription Patient Reg. 20 Hospital Management System 6. Data Tables 1. Login Table:Field Name User_Name Password Hint_Question Hint_Answer User_Type Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Description . Patient Detail Table:Field Name Registration_No Registration_Date Name Address City TelePhone_Mobile_No Marital_Status Religion Gender Father_Husband_Name Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 21 Hospital Management System Field Name Status Age Data Type Text Number Description Indoor / Outdoor 3. Patient Diagnosis Table:Field Name Dignosis_No Registration_No Dignosis_Date Provisional_Dignosis Remark BioChemistry Stool Blood Colonoscopy Gastroscopy Urine XRay SONOGRAPHY Others Reconsultation_Advice_Week Reconsultation_Advice_Date FINAL_Diagnosis ECG Data Type Text Text Date/Time Text Text Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Text Text Date/Time Text Yes/No Description Week Wise 22 Hospital Management System 4. Patient Diet Advice Table:Field Name Dignosis_No Diet_Advice Data Type Text Text Description 5. Patient Medicine Table:Field Name Dignosis_No Medicine_No Medicine_Name Precaution Data Type Text Number Text Text Description Medicine Related Hindi Words No_of_Doses Number 6. Patient Injection Dates Table:Field Name Dignosis_No Injection_Date Status Data Type Text Date/Time Text Description Injection Taken or Not 3 Hospital Management System 7. Biochemistry Test Table:Field Name Registration_No Test_Date Glucose_Fasting_R Two_Hr_Pg_Pp Blood_Urea Creatinine S_Cholesterol Total_Protein Albumin Globwlin A_G_Ratio Game_Gt Alkaline_Ptase Bilirubin_Direct Bilirubin_Indirect Bilirubin_Total Sgot Sgpt Half_Hr_Pg_Pp One_Hr_Pg_Pp One_And_Half_Hr_Pg_Pp Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text T ext Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 70-110 mg % lt; 100 mg % 10-40 mg % 0. 6-1. 5 mg % 130-250 mg % 6. 0-8. 0 gm % 3. 5-5. 0 gm % 2. 3-3. 6 gm % ? . 5 :,-2. 3:1 11-50 UL 10-90 U/L Adult 0. 0-0. 8 mg % 0. 0-0. 6 mg % 0. 2-1. 0 mg % 0-40 U/L 0-40 U/L lt; 110 mg % lt; 160 mg % lt; 140 mg % 24 Hospital Management System Field Name Bun Hdl_Cholesterol Ldl_Cholesterol Vldl_Cholesterol Triglycerides S_Total_Lipids S_Amylase S_Lipase Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Ldh_Total Ck_Nac_Activated Ck_Mb_Nac_Activated Uric_Acid Urine_Sugar1 Urine_Sugar2 Urine_Sugar3 Urine_Sugar4 Acid_Ptase Glucose_R_PP T3 Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 8-20 mg % 30-55 mg % 60-165 mg % 0-60 mg % 0-60 mg % 400-700 mg % 25-125 U/L 8-54 Ug/L 136_146 mEq/L 3. 5-5. 0 mEq/L 94-111 mmo I/L 8. 5-11. 0 mg/dl 230-461 U/L 0-190 U/L lt; 12 U/L 4-6 mgdl 0. 3-2. 5 uI U/L 25 Hospital Management System Field Name T4 TSH Data Type Text Text Description 4. 5-12 uI U/L 0. 4-4. 0 uI U/L 8. Blood Test Table:Field Name REGISTRATION_NO TEST_DATE HAEMOGLOBIN TLC Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Description 13-15 GMS% 4500-10500 CELLS/CU MM DLC , 45-68% DLC , 25-45% DLC , 2-6% DLC , 1-4% DLC , 1-2% DLC 0-10 MM IST Hr NEUTROPHILS LYMPHOCYTES EOSINOPHIL MONOCYTES BASOPHILS OTHERS ESR PERIPHERAL_BLOOD_FILM_1 PERIPHERAL_BLOOD_FILM_2 HAEMATOCRIT_PCV TOTAL_RBC PLATELETS COLOUR_INDEX Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text MIL/C. MM CU. MM 26 Hospital Management System Field Name MCHC MCV MCH TEC VEC PARACYTES BLOOD_GROUPING RH_FACTOR RH_ANTIBODY_TILER DIRECT INDIRECT PLASMA_FIBRINOGEN HIV HBSAG WIDAL FOETAL_HAEMOGLOBIN RETICULOCYTES BLEEDING_TIME_MIN BLEEDING_TIME_SEC CLOTING_TIME_MIN CLOTING_TIME_SEC PROTHROMBIN_TIME_CONTRO L SECS_PATIENT_1 Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description FI PG CU. MM 150-400 mg% Text 27 Hospital Management System Field Name SECS_PATIENT_2 PTTK_CONTROL HAEMOLYSIS_START_FROM SALINE_COMPLETE_AT CLOT_RETRACTION_TIME_CRT LE_CELLS ESR_PLATELETS Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 9. Colonoscopy Test Table:Field Name REGISTRATION_NO TEST_DATE ANAL_CANAL RECTUM SIGMOID_COLON DESCENDING_COLON SPLENIC_FLEXURE TRANSVERSE_COLON HEPATIC_FLEXURE ASCENDING_COLON CAECUM TERMINAL_ILEUM Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 28 Hospital Management System Field Name BIOPSY OPINION_1 OPINION_2 Data Type Text Text Text Description 10. Gastroscopy Test Table:Field Name Registration_No Test_Date Esophgus Fundus Corpus Antrum Blub First_Part Second_Part Biopsy Opinion_First Pylorospasm Biliary_Reflux Gut_Hypomotility Opinion_second Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description Esophgus Stomach Stomach Stomach Deuodenum Deuodenum Deuodenum 29 Hospital Management System 1. Sonography Test Table:Field Name Registration_No Test_Date L_Size L_Echotexture Focal_Pathology Ihbr Pv Cbd G_Size Wall_Thickness Lumen P_Size P_Shape P_Echotexture S_Size S_Shape S_Echotexture K_Size_Rt K_Size_Lt K_Shape_Rt K_Shape_Lt Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Gall Bladder Gall Bladder Gall Bladder Pancreas Pancreas Pancreas Spleen Spleen Spleen Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys 30 Hospital Management System Field Name K_Cortex_Rt K_Cortex_Lt K_Corticomedullary_Differentiation_Rt K_Corticomedullary_Differentiation_Lt K_Pcs_Rt K_Pcs_Lt K_Calculus_Rt K_Calculus_Lt Aorta Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Kidneys Petroperitoneal Structures Petroperitoneal Structures Petroperitoneal Structures Petroperitoneal Structures Petroperitoneal Structures Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder Urinary Bladder Prostate Prostate Ivc Text Pre_Paraortic_Lymphadenopathy Text Fluid_In_Peritoneal_Cavity Text Visualised_Bowel Text U_Status U_Wall_Thickness U_Calculus Prevoid_Urinary_Vol Postvoid_Urinary_Vol Pr_Size Pr_Echotexture Text Text Text Text Text Text Text 31 Hospital Management System Field Name Pr_Capsule U_Size U_Position U_Echotexture U_E_Cavity U_Endometrium O_Size_Rt O_Size_Lt O_Shape_Rt O_Shape_Lt O_Echotexture_Rt O_Echotexture_Lt O_Adenexal_Mass_Rt O_Adenexal_Mass_Lt Free_Fluid_In_Pouch_Douglas Impression Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description Prostate Uterus Uterus Uterus Uterus Uterus Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries Ovaries 12. Stool Test Table:Field Name Registration_No Test_Date Color Consistency Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Description Physical Physical 32 Hospital Management System Field Name Mucus Blood Wbc_Hpf Rbc_Hpf Mecrophages Trophozoite P_Ova P_Cyst C_Ova C_Cyst Occult_Blood Ph Red_Sub Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description Physical Physical Micoscopic Micoscopic Micoscopic Parasites Parasites Parasites Concentration Method Concentration Method Special Test Special Test Special Test 13. Urine Table Field Name REGISTRATION_NO TEST_DATE APPEARANCE SP_GRAVITY REACTION ALBUMIN SUGAR Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Description ROUTINE ROUTINE ROUTINE ROUTINE ,mg% ROUTINE 33 Hospital Management System Field Name RBCS_HPE WBCS_HPF EPITH_CELLS_HPF CRYSTAILS_HPF CAST_HPF AMORPHOUS_SEDIMENTS SPERMATOZOA OTHERS BILE_SALT BILE_PIGMENT UROBILINOGEN_HPF PORPHOBILINOGEN ACETONE OCCULT_BLOOD PKU BECE_JONES_PROTEINS AMINO_ACID 24HRS_URINARY_PROTEIN 24HRS_URINARY_17_KETOST ERIOD 24HRS_URINVARY_VMA TOTAL_VALUE PREGNANCY_TEST Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST Text Text Text SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST SPECIAL_TEST 34 Hospital Management System 14. USG Table Field Name Registration_No Test_Date LIV LIV1 LIV2 GALL GALL1 COMM COMM1 PORT PORT1 PAN PAN1 SPLE SPLE1 KIDN KIDN1 KIDN2 RK LK BOTH BOTH1 Data Type Number Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 35 Hospital Management System Field Name URIN URIN1 N N1 UTER LONG ANTE TRAN N3 ADNE OTH ECHO Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 15. X-Ray Table Field Name Registration_No Test_Date X_Ray_Name Remark_1 Remark_2 Remark_3 Remark_4 Remark_5 Data Type Text Date/Time Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 36 Hospital Management System Field Name Remark_6 Remark_7 Remark_8 Remark_9 Remark_10 Remark_11 Opinion Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 16. X-Ray Values Table Field Name X_Ray_Name Remark_1 Remark_2 Remark_3 Remark_4 Remark_5 Remark_6 Remark_7 Remark_8 Remark_9 Remark_10 Remark_11 Opinion Data Type Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Description 37 Hospital Management System 17. Patient Fee Table Field Name Receipt_No Registartion_No Receipt_Date F_Total_Fees W_Total_Fees Receipt_Name Dignosios_Fees XRay_Fees ECG_Fees Lab_Test_Fees Gastroscopy_Fees USG_Fees Indoor_Injection_Fees Colonoscopy_Fees Data Type Text Text Date/Time Number Text Text Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Total Fees in Figure Total Fees in Words SELF / Cheque Description 8 Hospital Management System 7. Snapshots 1. Login Form 2. Home Page 39 Hospital Management System 3. Patient Entry Form 4. Prescription Entry Form 40 Hospital Management System 5. Patient Diagnosis History Form 6. Patient Injection Entry Form 41 Hospital Management System 7. Patient Receipt Entry Form 8. Accumulated Receipt Form 42 Hospital Management System 9. P atient Receipt Query Form 10. Gastroscopy Test Form 43 Hospital Management System 11. Biochemistry Test Form 12. Colonoscopy Test Form 44 Hospital Management System 13. Blood Test Form 14. Stool Test Form 45 Hospital Management System 15. Sonography Test Form 16. X-Ray Form 46 Hospital Management System 17. Urine Test Form 18. Test Reports Form 47 Hospital Management System 19. Search By Name Form 20. Search By Date Form 48 Hospital Management System 8. Conclusion The project Hospital Management System (HMS) is for computerizing the working in a hospital. The software takes care of all the requirements of an average hospital and is capable to provide easy and effective storage of information related to patients that come up to the hospital. It generates test reports; provide prescription details including various tests, diet advice, and medicines prescribed to patient and doctor. It also provides injection details and billing facility on the basis of patient’s status whether it is an indoor or outdoor patient. The system also provides the facility of backup as per the requirement. 49 Hospital Management System 9. Bibliography 1. Mastering VB 6. 0 2. SMS hospital. 50

Calorie Definition in Chemistry

Calorie Definition in Chemistry A calorie  is a unit of energy, but whether or not the c in the word is capitalized matters. Heres what you need to know: Calorie Definition A calorie is a unit of thermal energy equal to 4.184 joules or the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of liquid water 1 °C at standard pressure. Sometimes a calorie (written with a lowercase c) is called a small calories or a gram calorie. The symbol for the calorie is cal. When the word Calorie is written with an uppercase C, it refers to the large calorie, food calorie, or kilogram calorie. The Calorie is 100 calories or the amount of thermal energy needed to heat one kilogram of water one degree Celsius. Calorie History Nicolas  Clà ©ment, a French chemist and physicist, first defined the calorie as a unit of heat or thermal energy in 1824. The word calorie comes from the Latin word calor, which means heat. The small calorie was defined in English and French dictionaries around 1841 to 1867. Wilbur Olin Atwater introduced the large calorie in 1887. Calorie Versus Joule The calorie is based on joules, grams, and degrees Celsius, so in a way its a metric unit, but the official unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI) is simply the joule. In the modern era, its more common to express thermal energy in terms of joules per kelvin per gram or kilogram. These values relate to the specific heat capacity of water. While the small calorie is still used sometimes in chemistry and the large calorie is used for food, joules (J) and kilojoules (kJ) are the preferred units.

The Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Law of Contract - Essay Example It is the incumbent on the employer to prove that the employee's absence or incapacity was of such a nature that further performance of his obligations in the future would be either impossible or a thing radically different from that undertaken by him to perform. The doctrine of frustration applies in the same way when a workman is physically or mentally incapacitated. In such cases, the workman would be entitled to be paid termination benefits under the Regulations 4 of the Employment (Termination And Lay-Off Benefits) Regulation 1980 and all statutory benefits due to him under the relevant legislation. Therefore, illness of an employee may operate to determine the contract if the illness is such as to interfere materially with the proper performance of the contract. On the other hand, a mere temporary illness will not so materially affect the employee's ability give personal service and, therefore, will not entitle the employer to dismiss the employee. The court affirmed that it was only in the case of a very serious sickness which may be considered as an event sufficiently fundamental to frustrate the contract and to give the employer the right to immediately dismiss the employee concerned on the grounds of disability. The incapacity or illness should not be temporary, but it should be serious and prolonged that the employee cannot be expected to perform his duties in the foreseeable future. In such circumstances, the employer has the right to terminate the employee's services. ... which may be considered as an event sufficiently fundamental to frustrate the contract and to give the employer the right to immediately dismiss the employee concerned on the grounds of disability. The incapacity or illness should not be temporary, but it should be serious and prolonged that the employee cannot be expected to perform his duties in the foreseeable future. In such circumstances, the employer has the right to terminate the employee's services. However, terminating the services of any employee while he is still on sick leave is an unfair labour practice. In the case of employee under police detention/custody, it is settled law that detention by police is a reasonable excuse to be absent from work. It is the finding of the court that absence from work due to arrest by police without any fault of the claimant is not misconduct and should not lead to his dismissal by applying provisions of S.13 (2) and S.15 (2) of the Employment Act 1955.In any event simply not being present at work is not per se a frustrating event, especially the time concerned was of short duration. If the company relies on the frustration of contract, it is for the company to establish that the employee's absence was of such duration that further performance of his obligations in the future is impossible. Thus, a contract of service may be frustrated if it is established that the nature of work so performed is critical to the operation of the company and the absence of the employee concerned is of a duration or nature that further performance of his duties under his contract of service in future would be impossible. The critical nature of work performed in relation to company's operational requirements

What are the essential differences between Prometheus(as he is Essay

What are the essential differences between Prometheus(as he is portrayed by Hesiod) and Loki as he appears in Scandinavian myth - Essay Example On the other hand, Loki was malevolent since his intentions were purely to cause suffering to others (Schnurbein, 112). Prometheus was a god of fire, who stole fire and gave it to mankind, an aspect that then brought civilization that was against the will of his family gods, because the god Zeus wanted to obliterate the human race but his plans were destroyed by Prometheus. Therefore, Prometheus was subjected to eternal punishment where the eagle would feed on his liver daily, â€Å"not only for stealing fire, but also for destroying Zeuss plan (Peretti, 194). Loki however applied his intellect in a totally different way. His mischievous intellect even enabled him to sneak his way up to becoming a god when he was not even deserving, and through his malice, he became â€Å"responsible, though indirectly, for the death of deaths of other gods† (Schnurbein, 117). There is little evidence to suggest even that Loki ever stole fire, but there is much evidence to the effect that his malicious ways brought a stir amongst the gods, and he was finally sentenced to punishment which he really deserved. The other essential difference between Prometheus and Loki is in relation to overall effects of their actions. Prometheus overall consequences were beneficial, but Loki’s overall consequences were destructive (Lamberton, 41). This is because; Loki was a selfish and egocentric god, who did not stop at anything to ensure that he succeed in his mischievous ways. Loki sided with his family against the other gods, and he set himself on a path of causing destruction to the other gods, even though little evidence exists to suggest that he deserved to be a god. He pursued his mischievous plans to the end, and saw the destruction that he intended to happen accomplished. Thus, even after being sentenced to imprisonment, his mischief did not end there. He was supported by his wife

Evaluating Agency Theorys Strengths and Weaknesses

Evaluating Agency Theorys Strengths and Weaknesses Agency theory refers to contract whereby principal engage with agent to perform some act on their behalf. The act involved giving power to agent for some decision making. Everyone work on the feet of benefit that can be gained for oneself. Thats why it is strongly agreeable that agent, as a utility maximizer will not act at the best interest of principal. Therefore, agents may cheat if they were not monitored by principal and principal, on the other hand, must bear agency cost to avoid suffering loss. These agency costs includes monitoring costs of agent, bonding costs whereby agent will try to show that they are not self-serving, and residual losses that are too costly to monitor. In general, agency cost is one of a type of internal cost incurred from, or must be paid to, an agent acting on behalf of a principal. Agency costs mainly originated from the separation of control, divergence of ownership and control and the different objectives (rather than shareholder maximization) of the managers. For example, difference of interest between shareholders and management. Shareholders hope that management could operate the company in a manner that increases shareholder value. But management may wish to run the company in ways that can maximize their personal authority  and well-being  that may not be in favor of the shareholders. From the paper, Jensen and Mecklings (1976), they used zero agency-cost firms whereby the manager is the firm sole shareholder as a reference point of comparison for all other cases of ownership and management structures. At one utmost of ownership and management structures are firms whose managers possess 100 percent of the firm. These firms, by their definition, have no agency costs. At the other utmost are firms whose managers are employees with no equity in the firm. In between are firms where the managers possess some, but not all, of their firms equity. They stated that agency costs are higher among firms that are not 100 percent owned by their managers and these costs increase as the equity share of the owner-manager declines. In other words, agency costs increases with a reduction in managerial ownership. In situation (where the managers own some, but not all, of their firms equity) whereby monitoring cost were included by equity holder to alter the opportunity the owner-manager has for possessing non-monetary benefits can decrease the owner-managers consumption of perquisites. Examples of monitoring cost include auditing and budget restrictions. However, owner-managers will still willingly enter into the contract as it will increase the firms value. The particular increase in the value of the firm that accrues will be reflected in the owners wealth, but his welfare will be increased by less than this because he forgoes some non-monetary benefits he previously enjoyed. In situation (where the managers own some, but not all, of their firms equity) whereby owner-manager expands resources to guarantee to equity holder that he would limit his activities, bonding cost incurred. Examples of bonding cost include contractual limitation on managers decision making power and auditing of financial account by public accountant. If the bonding costs were all under owner-managers control, he will gain the benefit as such of monitoring costs gives. In a nutshell, the manager finds it in his interest to incur these costs as long as the net increments in his wealth which they generate (by reducing the agency costs and therefore increasing the value of the firm) are more valuable than the perquisites given up. Although by incurring the monitoring and bonding cost increases the efficiency of firm, it does not maximize the firms value. This is because, the cost of separation of ownership and control occurred as a result of differences between efficient solution of zero monitoring and bonding cost and value of firm when there is positive monitoring cost. And Jensen and Mecklings (1976) showed that agency cost will be positive as long as monitoring costs are positive. Size and existence of agency cost depends greatly on the nature of monitoring costs, the needs of managers for non-monetary benefits and supply of potential managers who are able to finance the firm with personal wealth. Agency cost of debt indicates that there will be a rise in cost of debt when there is difference in the point of views of bondholders and management. There are a few fractions of agency costs of debts. The first one is the incentive effects related with debts. An owner-manager will intend to involve in investments with high risk and high profits with the financial structure of debt-typed claims because the loss will bear by debt-holder. For example where there are two investment options, A and B. The option B will help owner-manager to gain more equity, while the option A will give back more profit to bondholder. The choice of investment will only been done after the bonds are sold. Bondholders buy bonds from the company and suppose the company to invest in option A. However, due to the incentive effect, the manager did not invest as they expected but invest in option B which will help them gain more in equity. This will cause welfare loss to the bondholders. However, this decision c ould be realized by bondholders. If the bondholders knew the choice of the manager, they will only willing to buy the bonds at a lower price. Due to this action, the overall firm value may decrease. This reduction of firm value will be the residual loss which is also known as agency cost. This amount of agency cost is liable to owner-manager. Monitoring and bonding costs are another fraction of agency costs. In order to preserve the benefits of their own, bondholder will restrict the managements decisions. They will set contracts in details to monitor the owner-managers behavior. The contracts may influence the capacity of the management to make the best decision and decrease the profit of the firm. The decrease of the profit, the cost of enforcing the contracts and all the other costs related with the contracts are the monitoring costs. As the monitoring costs are borne by owner-manager, he will hope to minimize the monitoring cost, and therefore he will incur bonding costs. The bonding costs are incurred to give assurance to the bondholder that he will not turn aside from his promised behavior. He will only voluntarily bond himself in contract when such deed benefits him. Bankruptcy and reorganization costs are also one of the components of the agency costs of debts. Bankruptcy occurs when the firm unable to pay debt obligation. The cost of bankruptcy is always the interest of the potential buyers of fixed claims. This is because this cost will decrease their payoffs if the bankruptcy happens. If the probability of the bankruptcy cost is high, the willingness of the price buyer to pay for fixed claims will be low. The value lost because of the cost of bankruptcy will be the agency costs. The probability of bankruptcy will negatively affect the operating costs and the incomes of the firm. A firm may need to pay higher salaries in order to keep engaged the employees in the firm when the probability of the firm gone high. Besides, the firms that provide after sales services will also face decrease of sales volume. There are some factors that encourage the firms to use corporate debts although the factors discussed above will discourage them. Tax subsidy on interest payments is one of the factors. There are some theories verified that the use of risky debt will increase the value of the firm because of the tax subsidy on the interest payments. The firm will enjoy the benefits if in the end the benefit of tax subsidy covered the agency costs that incurred from debt. Furthermore, the firm will also be motivated to use corporate debt when there is a profitable investment while the firm has insufficient fund to invest. The firm will incur them provided that the profits generated from investment are greater than the marginal agency costs of debts. There is some critical variables to be concerned besides the amount of debt and equity for a given size firm, such as inside equity (Si) held by the manager, ouside equity (So) and debt (B) held by anyone ouside of the firm. Therefore, the term of ownership structure is applied rather than capital structure. Besides that, we have to identify that the cost to be inccured is related to the use of debt or outside equity in a firm. A firm which is facing capital limitation can finance the full capital value of its present and future projects if there are other individuals in the economy who have large enough amount of personal capital to finance the firm. Besides that, a firm can prevent property lossess related to the agency costs due to the sale of debt or outside equity. If not, the firm needs to acquire the excess capital in the debt market with the absence of such individuals. As a result, the owner-manager is the individual who bears the agency costs since the project is unprofitable enough to cover existing costs included agency costs. So, it is important for owner-manager who bears these costs to reduce the agency costs in order to increase his property. If the capital markets, such as the value of assets where the debt and outside equity is eficient enough to indicate the agency costs estimation with unbiased, these agency costs will bear by the selling owner-manager. So, the task of owner-manager who will take the risk to bear the cost of agency is to determine the perfect ratio of ouside equity to debt, So/B. Therefore, from the owner-managers point of view, the optimal ratio of outside funds to be acquire from equity to debt for a given level of internal equity is that E which results in minimum total agency costs, E*= So* /(B â‚ ¬Ã‚ «Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So ) The total market value of the equity is S = Si+So, The total market value of the firm is V = S+B. 0 E*= (So/ B + So) At(E= ASo(E) + AB(E) AB(E) ASo(E) At(E*) Figure 1 We assume that the size of the firm is remain constant and the actual value of the firm V, will rely on the agency costs incurred. Figure 1 indicate the agency costs is divided into two separate components, ASo(E) represents the total agency costs of outside equity holders by the owner-manager and AB(E) represents the total agency costs of debt incurred in the ownership structure. A Ã‚ ´(E) = ASo(E) + AB(E) is the total agency cost. The optimal proportion of outside financing shown as E* where total agency costs is minimum, AT(E*). When E ºÃ¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So/(B+So) is zero, there is no outside equity, the managers intention to use the outside equity is zero. As E increases, his incentives to exploit the outside equity is increase and hence the agency costs ASo(E) increase. When the outside equity So = E = 0, there are a maximum of outside funds are acquire from debt. As the amount of debt decreases to zero, these costs, AB(E) decrease because his intention to rearrange wealth from the bondholders to himself falls. It is because the total amount of debt reduce, and therefore it is more easier to rearrange any amount given to the debtholders. Besides that, his reallocation shares which is accomplished is falling since So is rising and therefore inside equity, Si/(So+Si), his share of the total equity is falling. At(E* Ko) E*(Ko) At(E* K1) E*(K1) AB(E K0) ASo(E K0) AB(E K1) AS0(E K1) K1) High outside financing Low outside financing Figure 2. Agency cost functions and optimal ouside equity as a fraction of total outside financing, E*(K), for two different levels of outside financing. In order to identify the consequences of rising the amount of outside financing, and therefore decrease the amount of equity held by the manager,Si, the value of the firm, V* remain constant. The net consequence of the greater used of outside financing given the cost functions in figure 2 is to increase the total agency costs from A Ã‚ ´(E*;Ko) to A Ã‚ ´(E*;K1), and to increase the optimal portion of outside funds acquired from the sale of outside equity. Therefore, the larger the firm may incurred higher total agency costs due to the monitoring function is internally more difficult and expensive in a larger organization. At(K V*1) At(k V*o) At(E K V*) Total agency costs 0 Fraction of firm financed by outside claims KFig. 3. Total agency costs as a function of the fraction of the firm financed by outside claims for two firm sizes, V*1>V*o. Of course, there are certain risks when the owner-manager demanded for outside financing. If the owner-manager is alway relies on outside funding, he will have his entire treasure invested in the firm. Therefore, he would not optional to outside funding until he had invested 100 percent of his personal wealth in the firm. Since, the manager who invests all of his wealth in a firm, he will bear a welfare loss. However, he can prevent the agency costs when he increasing relies on outside funding by taking certain actions. If the returns from assets are not totally correlated with the project, an individual can decrease the riskiness of the returns on his part by dividing his treasure into different assets by diversifying. Of course, he will be contributed to become a minority stockholder in order to avoid this risk by suffer a wealth loss as he reduces his proportion ownership because prospective shareholders and bondholders will take into account the agency costs. The analysis of this paper is only related with a single investment-financing decision and has excluded the issues of incentives which influencing future financing-investment decisions. However, some changes have been made to conclude that the costs and benefits will be changed by the expectation of future sales of outside equity and debt which may benefit to the manager himself. If he brings out a high probability of chance for dealing business, he probably can gain a big amount of future capital from outside sources and it will help to increase the business benefit and reduce the size of the agency costs. But, finite life of individual cannot eliminate the agency cost because it needs to consider more on his successors who think of own benefit and interest. Normally, they assumed that all outside equity are no right to vote. The manager will suffer the decreasing of his partial ownership in the long-run welfare and limit his action to control over the corporation and even fire the manager if they have right to vote. Besides, if the costs of decreasing the dispersion of ownership are lesser than the benefits to be acquired from decreasing the agency costs, it will pay some individual to purchase the shares in the market to decrease the dispersion of ownership. Moreover, they proposed an alternative way for the owner-manager who carried both equity and debt outstanding to get rid of the agency costs of debt. It will be no incentive if he is bound contractually to have a portion of the total debt equal to his partial ownership of the total equity. If the manager is getting balance between the debt and equity holders, the net effect will be zero. But, the limitation is they have not conduct to the large corporation and just perform in the small company which cause them couldnt have a clear picture on formal contract of reducing agency cost. Theory of Monitoring is a major part of the analysis which they expected monitoring activities help to develop particular characteristics to those institutions and individuals will be given a lot of advantages through these activities. The analysis demonstrates that the degree of security analysis activities will lower the agency costs related with the division of ownership and control, and they are socially productive absolutely. Furthermore, they supported that there are a lot of advantages of the security analysis activity to be played in the bigger capital value of the ownership claims to firms which is not in the day to day portfolio returns if this analysis is correct. If the firm can make the private returns to analysis same with the private costs of such activity, the security analysis will be balanced. However, the analysis will not reveal the social product of this activity which will include high level output and capital value of ownership claims. Therefore, the argument s uggests that, it will be overwhelming when the shareholders pay straightforwardly to have the perfect monitoring conducted if there is imperfect of security analysis being conducted. The problems discovered in the study included Pareto inefficient which is the obtainable set of financial claims on outcomes in a market fails to extent the fundamental step. An inadequacy conclusion is generally come out without clear attention to the costs of discovering latest claims or costs of maintaining the expanded set of markets which refer to the welfare improvement. But, the problem is the difficulty of formulation a positive analysis of the maximum level of individual behaviors in the economy that may influence them to generate and sell contingent claims. So, self-interested maximizing behavior of individuals becomes the first step in the way of implementing a study of the supply of markets issue. They suppose that planning the question of the perfect markets in terms of the combine both the demand and supply conditions will be very productive instead of implicitly assuming that latest claims from independent human effort.